Ss 3 d were protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, glutathione metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant–pathogen interaction ( Figure 3). The highly enriched pathways in the groups Ss 0 d vs. Rs 3 d, respectively ( Figure 3 and Table S5). The results showed that 114, 109, 112, and 118 KEGG pathways were identified in DEGs of Ss 0 d vs. To further analyze the signal transduction pathways of these DEGs, KEGG pathway analysis was used to identify the highly enriched pathways. In the present study, we used bottle gourd rootstock-grafted watermelon to analyze changes in transcription and protein levels during salt stress at different treatment time points and explored the salt stress-responded genes in bottle gourd rootstock-grafted watermelon seedlings. However, the genes and proteins of bottle gourd rootstock-grafted plants response to salt stress are not fully understood. Bottle gourd exhibits a high salinity tolerance and is widely used as the rootstock of watermelon. It originates from sub-Saharan Africa and is widely cultivated, especially in East Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. Bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family. Grafting is widely used as an economic, effective, and convenient method to increase watermelon salt tolerance. Watermelon is a widely cultivated vegetable crop species that is sensitive to salinity, and 300 mM NaCl treatment significantly inhibits the growth and photosynthesis of watermelon. Furthermore, there is communication between long-distance signals and substances in grafted plants, and in addition to common hormones, mineral elements, and soluble sugars, organic macromolecular mRNAs, miRNAs, peptides, and functional proteins can also be delivered between rootstocks and scions, influencing grafted plants’ growth under salt stress. Recently, some studies have also explored salt tolerance genes, transcriptional regulation, and protein expression in grafted plants. Presently, most of the research about how grafting improves plant salt tolerance focuses on rootstocks, and most research results focus on rootstocks’ participation in regulating ion absorption and transport, osmotic balance, hormone balance, redox balance, etc. Salt stress-tolerant rootstock roots of grafted plants have been found to limit the entry of harmful salt ions (Na + and Cl −) into scion leaves and maintain a low Na +/K + ratio in leaf cells to ensure their normal physiological functions. Previous research showed that salt tolerant rootstock grafting can significantly improve the tolerance of crops to salt stress. Combined transcriptome and proteome analyses showed that salt stress-responded genes in bottle gourd rootstock-grafted watermelon seedlings were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis pathways. These DEPs were closely associated with amino acid and protein synthesis, photosynthesis, mitochondrial metabolism and carbon metabolism, and stress defense. Furthermore, proteome analysis identified 28 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) in bottle gourd rootstock-grafted plants under salt stress. The DEGs in the bottle gourd rootstock-grafted plants were mainly involved in carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a total of 8462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the number of up- and down-regulated genes were 32, respectively. In this study, we found that watermelon grafted onto bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) significantly enhanced salt tolerance. In recent years, grafting has become one of the key agronomic techniques used to enhance plant abiotic stress tolerance. Soil salinization poses a huge challenge to the development of agriculture and seriously decreases crop yield and quality.
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